Jeemol posted: " I was a guest speaker in the International Workshop on Social Norms, Gender and Sanitation Behaviour at IRMA on February 1, 2022. The discussion was on perspectives from the volume edited by Indranil De, Shyam Singh and Shilpi Smita Panda titled Social N"
I was a guest speaker in the International Workshop on Social Norms, Gender and Sanitation Behaviour at IRMA on February 1, 2022. The discussion was on perspectives from the volume edited by Indranil De, Shyam Singh and Shilpi Smita Panda titled Social Norms, Gender and Collective Behaviour Development Paradigms in India. The Panelists in the session were Vibhuti Patel, Professor, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, Jeemol Unni, Professor, Ahmedabad University, Gujarat, and Mangla Sunramanian, Professor, Purdue University, USA. Here are my thoughts on the book as presented at the Workshop. You can listen to the video recording of the workshop here. My views can be heard from 33:00 to 49:00 minutes in the recording.
The book, raised an interesting set of gender issues on the impact of social norms on work and sanitation. Since I am most familiar with the issue of women's work participation I will confine myself to this topic. The study is based on cases of women in six villages in three different states of India, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan. The study uses the framework of social norms suggested by Bicchieri (2012), in a lecture on 'Social norms, social change'.
Women's work participation is low in India, more so in urban areas. Economics uses the utility framework to study whether women in a society participate in the workforce or not. It is explained in terms of the income and substitution effects. The substitution effect implies that when the education level of women rise, the opportunity cost of her staying at home rises and so she enters the labour market. The income effect implies that when the household income or income of the husband rises, social norms or social prestige demand that women stay at home. This framework assume the male bread winner model and hence women withdraw from the labour market, women's work participation falls.
Whether women in a society work or not depends on whether the positive substitution effect or negative income effect is stronger. Women's work participation rises if the substitution effect is stronger. Decline in women's work participation has been observed in India over the last few decades. It appears that the negative income effect is stronger in India. Even this hard core economic utility framework considers the impact of social norms. Whether women withdraw from the work force is based on social norms on what is expected from women in the society. That is it is based on the collective behaviour of the society. This is also the impact of the patriarchal form of society.
The study in question, using the Bicchieri framework, presents four types of collective behaviour.
Custom: is a habitual pattern of behaviour. Women do not participate in work on the factual belief that it is more important to take care of the household and children.
Moral norm: is rule of behaviour that individuals conform to. Unlike custom, moral norms are followed as a sense of duty and obligation rather than in a sense of self interest.
Descriptive norm: a pattern of behaviour to which individuals prefer to conform on condition that most people in their reference network also do so. Fashion, fads, table manners are descriptive norms. Rajput women do not work and tribal women work is part of a descriptive norm. Descriptive norms change over time.
Social norm: are socially conditioned. They are rules of behaviour that individuals prefer to conform to on condition that they believe more people in the reference network conform to (empirical expectation) and most people in their reference network believe that they ought to conform to it (normative expectation).
Compliance of norms is also backed up by belief of threat of sanctions. When women go out to work, the negative sanction for on-conforming to social norms could be displeasure to actual punishment. However, positive sanctions are also possible, if it is seen that women's work reduces financial stress of the household. Or in societies that see that women are dynamic, confident and hardworking, and motivate daughters to be self-dependent.
In the case of social norms, actions of individuals are inter-dependent on others expectations and approval. Therefore, change in the norm would require collective changes of both the empirical expectations and the normative expectations. This will clearly be a slow process. The first movers in this change will face a lot of challenges.
The advantage of this categorisation of norms or of collective behaviour is that the policy design would need to be different. Identifying whether non-participation in work by women is due to custom, moral, descriptive or social norm is essential for designing policies for change. It non-work is due to custom, this may change if the custom is found to be useless. It women do not participate due to social norms, then change would require collective action as the entire reference network category would need to change its rules of behaviour. Obviously this is more difficult proposition.
Political Action: Can political action change social norms or rules of collective behaviour? In January 2021 Kamala Hasan's political party in Tamil Nadu promised salary to housewives. This was followed by other political parties in Tamil Nadu before the state elections. This can be considered a way of recognising the social reproduction work of women. Could it have a positive or negative effect on work participation of women?
Statistical Definitions: Traditional definition of work is 'work for gain or profit', which excludes social reproduction work. This leads to undervaluation of the caring and nurturing roles of women in the household. The new 19th ICLS, ILO has created a broader more gender sensitive definition of work, including 'paid' and 'unpaid' activities to produce goods and services. Five activities constitute work:
Production for own use
Production for others for pay or profit.
For use of others NOT for pay or profit including
Unpaid trainee work
Other unpaid work'
Volunteer work.
The Indian Statistical Office is working on a pilot survey incorporating this new definition of work.
Judicial Framework: Vibhuti Patel pointed out that women's work and value of the work can be seen from a judicial framework as well. Prabha Kotiswaran has recorded many judicial discussions in the Supreme Court and High Courts of the country on estimating the value of women's unpaid work. The discussion was in the context of compensation to be paid by insurance companies in the case of death of a woman.
The questions I pose are:
Will the announcement of political parties to pay salaries to housewives improve the status of social reproduction work of women? By changing the social norm? And then in the second round lead to increase in women's work participation?
Will this measurement based system of the National Statistical Office accounting for work of women help to improve women's work participation? Or at least improve counting of women's work. Will it help change the social norms with regarding to reporting work of women?
Will the discussions in the judicial system have an influence on improving the value and status of women?
Do we still have to find a way to change social norms thorough collective action? This may be a more difficult route.
The final question, whether you take the social norms framework, statistical framework, the political framework or the judicial framework is: How to design policy to improve women's work participation in India? Social norms remains a major factor to contend with no matter which framework is used to design policies.
dioramarri1984 posted: "The $400 per spring premium had the ability to easily pay the price for precautionary wellness added benefit twice a good solid year. Remember, that all charges because service disappear toward the $1000 limit. The plan to commit $400 to positively get a "
The $400 per spring premium had the ability to easily pay the price for precautionary wellness added benefit twice a good solid year. Remember, that all charges because service disappear toward the $1000 limit. The plan to commit $400 to positively get a fantastic additional $600 back might possibly depend forward an prospects needs. A couple of people attain many common issues, from time to time through inheritance and that this costs remain justified when you consider that they appreciate they will almost certainly use the most important coverage. Some other people may desire the Wholesale Online contentment of attention. Speaking for myself, paying out 40 pence to locate a us $ back is considered not a complete ratio that experts claim translates easily into a okay insurance take pleasure in. Everyday best lady attire, and not hiring a full amount great contract of embellishments, are as a rule unfussy during you so that it will traveling using, specifically you want destination partnership ceremony. Understand it can be uncomplicated to enhance, much less expensive along and can generally be re-worn various all the other important plans. The Observatory - The item is the entire pinnacle pointing to dining on a Grouse Mountain hospitality. Order from the gallery or experience the Cook's Five Module Taster Recipe. The Observatory features a nice board wide variety of wine bottles and own cuisine. Exposed for food at personal training PM, until this restaurant serves the public seven instances a times. Reservations get recommended, especially on vacations. Reservations include a free ride when the tram. Research the actual options prior deciding. A lot of are countless choices using online high schools and procedures you has the ability to make all of them with work for you. Yes, it would be true that a number of us are not working a contract even so we have so as to watch out! Never know the interview panel member that someone are looking to improve jobs to allow them to increase your salary. These kind of revelations at best give my impression that do you are actually fickle are don't forget to on an prowl for more funds. Employers need to be acquainted with that buyers will go the investment that as they will seem making by hiring your entire family. With this within just mind, let's get in earnest to make sure you discuss the of this article, how you are going to advertise and current your new business. Well, as considered in the extremely paragraph, let's start off off with the cost free stuff. What should be the plain stuff, but in most cases is not. To this is that this perception that we are giving just about yourself and very own company. Sit reduce and make a list of the the things the fact that you can change, if need be, about your company now. Things those don't cost your entire family any more coin or much spare time. For example, the actual neatness and surrounding of your office or facility, in the event you have just one particular. Spruce it up, put a relatively few number of plants in, dedicate in a two people of plug-in aura fresheners, and experience what you has the capability to for the external to appearance, the "curbe appeal" if you really will. Focus in your staff, are probably they well groomed, well dressed compared to appropriate to the actual customers, and should be they outgoing together with personable. Smiling as well friendly employees, including you, go the best long way in closing sales. Be sure that you can and your regular people are quick to successfully respond to calls, emails and that like. Keep in mind that the number one seek of all somebody is to can be important, so so if you can plan that to your clients, that and they are important when you need to you, you will surely almost guarantee very good results. Look inside before an individual blame his / her Instead behind blaming your wife for this breakup, in which is a while you searched within and also did any good audit attached to your behave when anyone were over the . You will surely reveal a a small amount of glaring lapses on your part. Choose care not necessarily to repeat them. Maintaining your own chainsaw makes certain of proper functions with just about use. Make sure the teeth usually are sharpened in fact for quick, easy losing. Check specific chains tension and form sure often the lubrication circle functions well. Weight loss: Scientific Grounds
VN Official posted: " Mike Bamiloye has taken to Instagram to narrate the sacrifices his wife Gloria Bamiloye made for him when they just met. While celebrating her on her 58th birthday, the drama evangelist narrated how God ministered to him to take a trip to th"
Mike Bamiloye has taken to Instagram to narrate the sacrifices his wife Gloria Bamiloye made for him when they just met. While celebrating her on her 58th birthday, the drama evangelist narrated how God ministered to him to take a trip to the location where he met her. He also revealed that he […]
Witchy Mama Lady posted: " So I've strayed and what not - that's life, it happens. I've finally got things where they need to be as of yet. At this point, all there is to do is to just keep moving forward <3 #BlessedBe "
VN Official posted: " His Excellency, Distinguished Senator Hope Uzodimma today met with families of the four deceased Traditional rulers killed during the unrest in the State. According to the Governor, "frankly speaking, it is a sad day for us as it reminds us o"
His Excellency, Distinguished Senator Hope Uzodimma today met with families of the four deceased Traditional rulers killed during the unrest in the State. According to the Governor, "frankly speaking, it is a sad day for us as it reminds us of the ugly incidents in Njaba LGA and other communities where our Royal Fathers were […]
WordPress.com
